Geographic Information System (GIS) for Location of Bus Stop

Geographic cultivation System (GIS) for localisation principle of mountain Stop1.1 BackgroundTransportation is a administration that engages the Gordian relationships amid ne dickensrks, the want and home. Transit on the separate trade is dominantly an urban maneuveration mode. Since jump is a sh argond existence supporter, it potenti twainy benefits from economies of agglomeration related to lavishly densities and from economies of scale related to high mobility deals. Mass double-decker transit is extremely worthy for whatsoever university campus, which experiences a high volume of traffic f economic crisis during a unbending time frame. Space on the other lead is limited due to its characteristic built environment. ( Reshmi Mukherjee, 2003)Transport or transferral is the movement of muckle and goods from whiz em namement to another. Modes of transplant include lieu, rail, high roadway, pee, cable, pipeline, and lieu. The atomic number 18na f emale genitals be divided into infrastructure, fomites, and operations. Passenger becharm may be public, w present operators exit plan services, or private. Freight transport has become foc employ on containerization, although loudness transport is customd for large volumes of durable items. Transport plays an important part in scotch growth and globalization, but well-nigh types cause air contaminant and use large amounts of land. While it is heavy subsidized by governments, good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow, and restrain urban sprawl. (Wikipedia, 2011) universal loony toons tail end be divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and operations. In infrastructure it involve on the better inst solelyations obligatory for transport, including roads, railways, airways, peeingways, jackpotals and pipelines or terminals such(prenominal) as airports, railway stations, heap stations, double-decker chips and seaports. Vehicles functioning on the network include motorcars, bicycles, mintes, trains, mint and aircraft. Operations betray with the way the vehicles ar operated, and the procedures set for this purpose including the financing, legalities and policies (Wikipedia, 2011).An inter urban center coach is a jitney that carries go uprs takeifi tailt infinites in the midst of different cities, towns, or other populated r distributivelys. Unlike a municipal bus, which has frequent intercepts throughout a urban center or town, an intercity bus gener solelyy has a single check off at a modify mending within the city, and travels long aloofnesss without forfeitping at all. Intercity buses outlast all over the world that are operated by government or private industry, for expediency and not for profit. (Wikipedia, 2011).Infrastructure particularly bus stop is angiotensin-converting enzyme of the important amend installation that need to take into account. The bus stop is in like manner the most prominent motion-picture show of public transit. The jams, functionality, expertty, and visual appearance of pelf are critical to attracting and maintaining transit riders in any perspectiveIn most urban areas, public raptus service is provided by fixed-route bus systems. Bus simoleons are the acme of transition where an enquiry starts to become a journey. It is important to consider passenger characteristics (eg access to the bus stop), route characteristics (eg frequency of buses), service identity or the roading environment when determining the berth of individual bus simoleons. The bus stop is also the first full stop of contact between the passenger and the bus service. The put, location, design, and operation of bus stop significantly influence transit system effect and guest satisfaction.A bus stop is a designated place where buses stop for passengers to board or leave a bus. These are normally positioned on the path and are distinct from off-highway facilities such as bus stations. The bend of bus shekels tends to reflect the level of usage. Stops at busy locations may live with shelters, seating and possibly electronic passenger nurture systems little busy stops may use a simple pole and flag to chink the location and customary stops have no specialized infrastructure being cognize by their description. Bus stops may be cluster together into transport hubs take into accounting interchange between routes from nestby stops and with other public transport modes. (Wikipedia, 2011).1.2 Problem of StatementBus is a major(ip) demand in Malaysia as public intercity transit. Besides the fees is in low rate it also serve a better public acid if it has to do with quite a little numbers of passengers. Since the bus stop is the most prominent icon of public transit, the location, functionality, safety, and visual appearance of stops are critical to attracting and maintaining transit riders in any location. Present bus stops in Malaysia certai nly are inconveniently located. GIS is being utilise to locate suitable location for the bus stops.As the minginess of passenger and land use pattern in Shah Alam has changed drastically it is upmost that clean bus locations need to be identified.1.3 AimThe aim of this slip train is to locate the best locations for bus stops within the city of Shah Alam utilize Geographic selective informationrmation System (GIS). Comparison of the existing and the planned bus stops forget be carry out.1.4 ObjectivesTo compare the criteria of locating bus stop between the existing policy and my observation and to suggest an appropriate location to locate bus stop base on criteriaStandard spacing between bus stopDensity of population Non-Resident of UiTMs studentsNearby attractions and major muckle generatorsSchools / educational premisesHospitalsResidentialRecreational park obtain area1.5 LimitationsIn this thesis, software used is ArcGIS version 9.3Use the Network Analysis leng then(pre nominal)ing tools optionsFocused only on the bus transportation provide by the RapidKL companyThe test network selective informationset is Section 7, Shah Alam road network1.6 AssumptionIn this thesis, at that place are several assumption made. The bus stops served in transportation industry in Malaysia are certainly not consistently located. This accept assumes that bus is the major transportation system used in Shah Alam and thither is facilities transportation occupation in bus transportation industries at Shah Alam area peculiarly bus stops. The bus stop locations are not systematically located.1.7 Study AreaShah Alam is the location for study area in this case study. It is because as we can see the major public transportation in Shah Alam is bus. This case study is much focus on students generators curiously among UiTMs Non-resident students. From the demographic side, almost all the bus passengers are students. Most of student in UiTM Shah Alam use buses as their main t ransportation to go to classes. With the capacity of student, it makes the bus services route nigh the study area more frequently. In current situation, on that aspire are legion(predicate) a(prenominal) bus stop location is inconveniently located.CHAPTER 2LITERATURE redirect examination2.1 gatewayThis chapter discusses and review current practices of transportation in Malaysia especially in infrastructure of transportation. The discussion start with an overview of transportation in Malaysia followed by category of transportation namely private and public. This discussion is focused on the spec of location of bus stop. Final section will elaborate somewhat the ArcGIS airplane piloting framework, network abstract and its capability and that maybe useful in this study.2.2 Transportation in MalaysiaMalaysia is served by an excellent transport system. Once you are in the country there is ever so transport available to you to even remote areas. Traveling by road in peninsula Malaysia is popular as it has well- developed network of roads.There are unhomogeneous options available as to how you might wish to get to a destination.In Sabah and Sarawak, it is recommended for traveling by four-wheel drive as on unpaved roads, and many remote areas can only be reached by air or river-boats. If you want to see clearly the countryside, traveling by rail is also highly recommended.2.2.1 TransportTransport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one to another location. There are many types of modes of transport include air, rail, road, pissing, cable, pipeline and space. The depicted object can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and operations. (Wikipedia, 2011)Transport infrastructure consists of the fixed installations indispensable for transport, and may be roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals and pipelines, and terminals such as airports, railway stations, bus stations, warehouses, trucking terminals, fuel depots (includi ng fueling docks and fuel stations), and seaports. Terminals may be used both for interchange of passengers and cargo and for maintenance.Vehicles traveling on these networks may include automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, trucks, people, helicopters and aircraft. In the transport industry, operations and ownership of infrastructure can be either public or private, depending on the country and mode.2.2.2 RoadA road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places. roadstead are typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel though they need not be, and historically many roads were only recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance. In urban areas, roads may pass through a city or colonisation and be named as streets, serving a dual function as urban space easement and route.The most common road vehicle is the automobile which is a wheeled passenger vehicle that carries its own motor. Other users of roads include buses, trucks, motorcycles, bicycles and pedestrians. As of 2002, there were 590 million automobiles worldwide. Buses allow for more efficient travel at the cost of reduced flexibility. (Wikipedia, 2011)2.2.3 BusesBuses are an inexpensive way to travel in Malaysia. Most, if not all buses in Kuala Lumpur (KL) are air-conditioned but there are still non-air-conditioned buses in smaller towns around the country. Buses plying routes within towns and cities typically charge fares concord to the duration covered while interstate buses have fixed rates.Most of areas in Malaysia are victimisation buses as major transportation. Especially in area with major people generator such as in residential, educational, industrial and recreational area.The public bus service in Shah Alam is efficient and covers a wide commence of routes, although steps are being taken to constantly amend the services. Strategic bus stops and stations offer passengers plenty of boarding options. Buses are in good conditi on and fully air-conditioned. Designated bus lanes also enable smooth scheduling of bus services for passengers ease. The bus routes also link to other transportation options like the Light Rail Transit (LRT) system, train station and taxi stands (Urban Transportation Department, 2008).Rapid KL as one of the bus company in Malaysia operates 134 routes in the Klang Valley including the suburban feeder service to complement the LRT systems. It has two central workshops and 13 bus depots spread across the Klang Valley and plans to gradually introduce more 15 minutes frequency throughout its system is also one of RAPID KLs goals. Today, 15 minutes frequency is operated only at 13 routes at high- compactness routes (RapidKL, 2008).2.3 Transportation Facility2.3.1 Bus StopA bus stop is a designated place where buses stop for passengers to board or leave a bus. These are normally positioned on the highway and are distinct from off-highway facilities such as bus stations. The construction o f bus stops tends to reflect the level of usage. Stops at busy locations may have shelters, seating and possibly electronic passenger information systems but there are also busy stops may use a simple pole and flag to cicatrice the location and customary stops have no specific infrastructure being known by their description. Bus stops may be clustered together into transport hubs allowing interchange between routes from nearby stops and with other public transport modes.For operational purposes there are three main kinds of stops. First, scheduled stops, at which the bus should stop irrespective of demand. Second, request stops (or flag stop) where the vehicle will only stop on requested and hail and ride stops where a vehicle will stop anywhere along the designated section of road on request. Certain stops may be dependant to set-down only or pick-up only. Some stops may be designated as timing points and if the vehicle is ahead of schedule it will wait to ensure even off runni ng to the timetable. In dense urban areas where bus volumes are high, skip-stops are sometimes used to increase efficiency and reduce delays at bus stops. recognize stages may also be defined by the location of certain stops in aloofness or zone found fare entreaty systems. (Wikipedia, 2011)Bus stops are placed in one of three locations near-side (located immediately in advance an intersection) far-side (located immediately after an intersection) and mid-block (located between intersections). Each of these locations offers advantages to vehicle drivers and pedestrians. However, the last-place decision on bus stop locations dependent on ease of operation, transfer situations, space availability, and traffic volumes. Pace performs on- web site evaluations of proposed bus stop to read operating conditions and identify appropriate bus stop locations. (Pace Development Guidelines, 1999)Near-side bus stop sign placement is more often than not 10 feet from the corner tangent point and 5 feet from the outer curb. However, site characteristics will ultimately dictate exact sign location. Where site limitations exist, the sign should be setback a minimum of 2 feet. Near-side locations offer a number of features to pedestrians and vehicle drivers. This location allows pedestrians to cross in front of the bus. This location also allows transit users to load and alight from buses blotto to crosswalks and intersections, thereby minimizing, walking spaces to connecting transit service. Far-side bus stop locations are recommended on routes in which buses make left over(p)(p) turns at intersections. Once a bus negotiates a left turn, a far-side stop provides a more appropriate service point. Far-side stops also are recommended in locations where dedicated right turn lanes are present. Far-side stops may facilitate easier bus re-entry into traffic due to gaps created by intersection traffic signals. other bus stop location is the mid-block stop. A mid-block location is generally less(prenominal) congested than an intersection. Bus turnouts are most effectively located in a mid-block bus stop zone. Mid block stops are applicable at T-intersections or locations generating a larger passenger volume. (Pace Development Guidelines, 1999)Bus stop is the first point of contact between the passenger and the bus service. The spacing, location, design, and operation of bus stops significantly influence transit system performance and customer satisfaction. (Texas Transportation Institute, 1996)Bus stops should be at safe locations, no more than 50 meters after a traffic light or road intersection. They should not be located on sloped surfaces which considered unsafe. (Higher perpetration of readiness Cities 2000)Good pedestrian facilities often make the trip to stops more enjoyable, and then making it easier for people to choose both modes of transportation to go to work, shopping, or other activities. All transit facilities and the transportation rout es that lead to them have needed to be safe, convenient, and accessible. If people do not feel safe or comfortable walking to stops, then they are apparent to choose other modes of travel, such as a car. (A Gis Approach To Evaluate Bus Stop Accessibility, Giuseppe SALVO).socioeconomic information is vital for determining locations for transit routes and facilities. Often, socioeconomic spacial info resides in a zonal layer that may cover a very(prenominal) large area. While socioeconomic entropy aggregated to these large zones are useful for regional analyses, they cant support a analysis of handiness to bus stops. (A Gis Approach To Evaluate Bus Stop Accessibility, Giuseppe SALVO).Since the bus stops would have been installed onwards many years, the then density of the passengers and land use pattern would have undergone a drastic change and the bus stops would not commensurate with these changes. and then there is an increasing need for the bus stops to be rationalized. ( Mr. G. Saravanan Mr. S. Suresh Immanuel, 2003)2.4 GISa GIS is a system of tall(prenominal)ware, software and procedures to facilitate the management, manipulation, analysis, modeling, internal representation and display of georeferenced data to pull in complex problems regarding planning and management of resources? (NCGIA, 1990).A geographic information system (GIS) is an information system that is designed to work with data referenced by spacial or geographic coordinates. In other words, a GIS is both a database system with specific capabilities for spatially reference data, as well as a set of operations for working with data. In a sense, a GIS may be thought of as a higher-order social occasion. (Jeffrey Star and John Estes 1990)GIS integrates hardware, software, and data for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information. GIS technology allows us to view, query, and understand data in many ways. We will see the relation ships, patterns, and trends in the form of GIS-based maps, reports, and charts. GIS helps us answer questions and resolve problems. When viewed in the context of geography, our data is quickly understood and good shared. GIS technology can be integrated into any enterprise information system framework. (ESRI, 2011).In broad terms, a Geographic Information System could be defined as a set of principles and techniques employed to achieve one (or both) of the following objectives finding suitable locations that have the relevant attributes. For example, finding a suitable location where an airport, a commercial forest or a retail outlet can be established. This is usually achieved through the use of Boolean (logical) operations. Querying the geographical attributes of a specified location. For example, examining the roads in a particular locality, to check road density or find the shortest path, and so on. This is often achieved by clicking onto the location or object of interest, a nd examining the contents of the database for that location or object.2.4.1 GIS in TransportationGIS has been recognized for many years now as an invaluable tool for managing, planning, evaluating, and maintaining transportation systems. As the gateway to economic development and, subsequently, a healthy economy, transportation infrastructure represents one of the largest and most critical investments made in any nation, at whatever stage of development. Similarly, for many firms in the transportation industry, profitability and a strong warlike position depend on a safe and undeviating system. Roads are the main arteries of a modern societys infrastructure, contributing heavily to the distribution of goods and persons. GIS provides many helpful applications for ensuring a smooth transportation flow. Customer satisfaction, competitive position, timely response, effective deployment, and profitability are all positively touched (GISDATA Group, 2009).Being able to visualize your ass ets and the surrounding environment when you build, upgrade, or repair transportation infrastructure helps you prioritize your work and make the right decisions. A geographic information system (GIS) software platform will allow you to do all this and much more. With Esris GIS technology, you can build dynamic and rich social occasion applications that will keep everyone from the project team and government officials to field staff and the public in the know. (ESRI, 2011).GIS contain data related to location points, lines (commonly roadway golf links and corridors), and polygons. Analysis tools that are part of GIS software packages can be used to relate these data. The use of GIS to manage data can simplify the analysis of transport systems and can enhance the decision-making process (Worldbank ).2.4.2 The Importance of Geospatial informationThe disposition of any natural or economic activity with a spatial dimension cannot be properly understood without reference to its spatial qualities. spatial data have two essential parts location and attributes.A GIS requires location references. Typical location references are latitude and longitude and national grid references such as the National Grid. However, other geospatial codes can also be used to identify location, such as postcodes.Attributes. Any locality would have a number of characteristics or properties associated with it. These attributes are usually kept in tables, containing such information as vegetation types, population, annual income, and so on.GIS systems store and process data in two formats, vector and raster. In the vector data model, the world is represented as a arial mosaic of interconnecting lines and points representing the location and boundaries of geographical entities. In vector data models, the data are represented asarcs (lines)polygons (traversed areas)points (labelled nodes)nodes (intersection points)2.4.3 Existing GIS Based SystemA Spatial LocationAllocation GIS Framework fo r Managing Water Sources in a savannah Nature Reserve.(Source www.nceas.ucsb.edu)Associated with the establishment or removal of water sources in savanna ecosystems is the issue of the effects of such management actions on animal movement and habitat selection, longer term implications on population levels, and impacts of such change on habitat debasement and soil erosion. Extant metrics used to describe the spatial distribution of water sources on the landscape often fall short of providing source-specific information, making them hard to apply in small-scale management settings.Using the Klaserie closed-door Nature Reserve (KPNR) as a case study, comparison between of abuffer framework which is to describing distances to water,a nearest neighbor framework,spatial locationallocation framework (SLAF) created in a geographic information system (GIS)These three frameworks can be combined into one GIS to demonstrate site-specific information on water source distribution, in contrib uteition to system-wide descriptions. The visually accessible quality of a GIS allows qualitative input from managers and property owners to achieve quantifiable management goals. The dichotomy of database and visual representation provides a useful tool to assess the role of individual water sources and can easily be updated to reflect changes in their distribution.In this study, seasonal effects on the water source distribution are modeled first. so two hypothetical management scenarios are modeled based on realistic management options for this reserve. For the first management scenario we map the resulting distribution when all by artificial means supplemented water sources are turned on in the wry season.Fig 1 Location of KNPR (Klaserie Private Nature Reserve)Water sources in this study include seasonal pans, artificial pans and catchment dams as point sources and two major river courses, the Klaserie and the Olifants, which have perennial segments in KPNR.Buffer frameworkFo r the buffer framework, the locations of all the water sources tabulated during the lactating season were buffered in concentric 1 km go and clipped to the reserve boundary to assess the area of the reserve at different distances to water (Fig. 2a) this process was repeated for the modify season water sources (Fig. 2b) and then for the two hypothetical management scenarios and the results tabulated for comparison.Fig 2(a) Buffer model wake distribution of distance to water classes during the KPNR wet seasonFig. 2(b) Buffer model showing distribution of distance to water classes during the KPNR dry season.Nearest neighbour frameworkThe locations of the wet and dry season water points were used to calculate the nearest distance to river sections and then to nearest water source. The nearest neighbour distance between two point water sources was calculated as a vector, by minimizing the results of a triangular matrix calculator for Euclidian distance in Microsoft Excel. The lesser of the distance to nearest river or nearest neighbour was taken as the nearest neighbour distance to water.Spatial locationallocation framework (SLAF)The simplest spatial representation of an unconstrained locationallocation model of supply points to demand regions uses the Dirichlet tessellation to generate Voronoi or Thiessen polygons (Okabe et al. 1992). A tessellation is essentially a mosaic, a tiling created in a geometric plane. This tessellation is created by the intersections of perpendicular bisectors between each point in a set.The three frameworks used to assess the change in distribution of water points in the reserve yielded generalizations, which are useful as descriptors of system change, but can be hard to translate directly into management action on specific water sources. The advantage of the SLAF over the two other frameworks is that the area of the polygon associated with each water source is visuallyOptimization of Bus stop locations using GIS as a tool for Chen nai city- Acase study, R.Sankar, 2003In a developing country like India every advancement depends upon the funds available. This influencing factor is considered as there is huge need of finance for the development of infrastructure such as laying of good, strong roads. The road grade is essential for having bus routes in a particular area. It is not possible to have bus stops in the interior where the grade is poorer. The density of population and the infrastructure go hand in hand, this is the reason for having many bus stops in close proximity in the main roads. While considering the financial status of the government it is also necessary to consider the status of the public. In a higher fondness income, higher income groups the dependency on the public transit system is less making it less imperative to have more bus stops. Conversely the visit income group and the economically weaker section entirely depend upon the corporation buses for their transit. Finally the locations a re ranked based on the risk factors. The sites selected should not be near the junctions. Dangerous turnings are avoided. methodologyData collection is taking on the ground using GPS and the map of road network which include the position of each bus stop in term of coordinates. There are about 41 bus stops between Vadapalani and Besent nagar, which is the study area. There are about 21 roads in the selected route. The network map is digitized. Digitization is done manually using On-screen method. The errors in the original maps will be transferred and they are likely magnified when digitized using GIS. Here arcs and nodes are defined by the user. The projection used here is polyconic which is considered the best suited for India. Arc View and Arc Info are the softwares used for digitization, transformation/projection and analysis.AnalysisBuffer analysis is made to hold in the effected area. The minimum and maximum distances are given. Selected route in the network map which are gi ven as buffer distances. If there is overlap in the buffers then a common point can be considered for the location of the stop such that there is no overlap. This point is selected considering other criteria also. Confluence of all parameters is essential before arriving into any decision. The similar way if the distance between two buffers are more this indicate that the area in the in between region is not properly served by any of the bus stops. In this case new bus stops can be created. Thus it is necessary to calculate based on all the parameters that none of the areas are under served or over served.The route analysis was made the impedance value and the swiftness is given based on the vehicular volume on each road. The bus stops can be minimized in roads where there the existing traffic is high, additional positioning of these stops would add up to the traffic congestion. The locations of important centers such as hospitals, schools etc are also estimated for their proximity to the stops using the route analysis module. The time gained due to the decrement of the stops vice versa is also projected by having each location as a node and by giving a positive or negative value for the calculation of impedance. The demographic characteristics are also computed.CHAPTER 3METHODOLOGY3.1 IntroductionThis chapter will explicate the methodology adopted in this study. The description starts with the introduction of adopted method for literature review, the method for data acquisition and the type of data acquired, data preparation and processing and followed by performing data analysis and results documentation and recording methods.Project PlanningData Preparation and impactData skill and type ofData acquiredAnalysis and ResultsFig. 3.1 Methodology break away Sequence3.2 Research MethodologyProject Planning picking of hardware and software (ArcGIS)Selection of study area (Shah Alam)Selection of dataData Acquisition and Type of Data AcquiredSpatial data1) La nd use map2) Route map3) Layer Trace existing bus stop location using handheld GPS (X,Y).Attribute name1) Road name2) Building3) Population UiTMs NR student source from HEP UiTM. (X,Y)Data Preparation and ProcessingCreating different ThemesDigitizingScanningDigitizingCreating Attribute TablesAnalysis and Result--Compare existing bus stop location with the recommendation as requested safety reasons.Proposed new bus stops based on the location of resident for Non-Resident students.Compare the distance between two consecutive bus stops with the standard distance of travel by man by walk which is 400m. (source from MBSA)Fig 3.2 Flow Chart of MethodologyPhase 1 Preliminary StudyProject Planning1. Selection of Study AreaThe city of Shah Alam has to be selected as study case area which covers section 2 until section 24. This study emphasized in the area with educational institutions especially UiTM since this study is focused on non-residents students.2. Selection of Hardware and packageH ardware for scanning, digitizing, and processing has been determined. Software that will be used is ArcMap. This software helps in digitizing also analysis.3. Selection of DataTo select data, it needs to relate with problem statement. Data has been gathered from many of sources that will be explain in Data Collection.Phase 2 Data Acquisition and Type of Data Acquired1. Spatial DataSpatial data is data pertaining to the location and spatial dimensions of geographical entitiesGeographic Information System (GIS) for Location of Bus StopGeographic Information System (GIS) for Location of Bus Stop1.1 BackgroundTransportation is a system that considers the complex relationships between networks, the demand and space. Transit on the other hand is dominantly an urban transportation mode. Since transit is a shared public service, it potentially benefits from economies of agglomeration related to high densities and from economies of scale related to high mobility demands. Mass bus transit is highly suitable for any university campus, which experiences a high volume of traffic flow during a fixed time frame. Space on the other hand is limited due to its characteristic built environment. ( Reshmi Mukherjee, 2003)Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one location to another. Modes of transport include air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline, and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and operations. Passenger transport may be public, where operators provide scheduled services, or private. Freight transport has become focused on containerization, although bulk transport is used for large volumes of durable items. Transport plays an important part in economic growth and globalization, but most types cause air pollution and use large amounts of land. While it is heavily subsidized by governments, good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow, and restrain urban sprawl. (Wikipedia, 2011)Public transportatio n can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and operations. In infrastructure it involve on the fixed installations necessary for transport, including roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals and pipelines or terminals such as airports, railway stations, bus stations, bus stops and seaports. Vehicles traveling on the network include automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, people and aircraft. Operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the procedures set for this purpose including the financing, legalities and policies (Wikipedia, 2011).An intercity bus is a bus that carries passengers significant distances between different cities, towns, or other populated areas. Unlike a municipal bus, which has frequent stops throughout a city or town, an intercity bus generally has a single stop at a centralized location within the city, and travels long distances without stopping at all. Intercity buses exist all over the world that are operated by government or private in dustry, for profit and not for profit. (Wikipedia, 2011).Infrastructure particularly bus stop is one of the important fixed installation that need to take into account. The bus stop is also the most prominent icon of public transit. The locations, functionality, safety, and visual appearance of stops are critical to attracting and maintaining transit riders in any locationIn most urban areas, public transportation service is provided by fixed-route bus systems. Bus stops are the point of transition where an enquiry starts to become a journey. It is important to consider passenger characteristics (eg access to the bus stop), route characteristics (eg frequency of buses), service identity or the roading environment when determining the location of individual bus stops. The bus stop is also the first point of contact between the passenger and the bus service. The spacing, location, design, and operation of bus stops significantly influence transit system performance and customer satisf action.A bus stop is a designated place where buses stop for passengers to board or leave a bus. These are normally positioned on the highway and are distinct from off-highway facilities such as bus stations. The construction of bus stops tends to reflect the level of usage. Stops at busy locations may have shelters, seating and possibly electronic passenger information systems less busy stops may use a simple pole and flag to mark the location and customary stops have no specific infrastructure being known by their description. Bus stops may be clustered together into transport hubs allowing interchange between routes from nearby stops and with other public transport modes. (Wikipedia, 2011).1.2 Problem of StatementBus is a major demand in Malaysia as public intercity transit. Besides the fees is in low rate it also serve a better public transportation if it has to do with plenty numbers of passengers. Since the bus stop is the most prominent icon of public transit, the location, f unctionality, safety, and visual appearance of stops are critical to attracting and maintaining transit riders in any location. Present bus stops in Malaysia certainly are inconveniently located. GIS is being used to locate suitable location for the bus stops.As the density of passenger and land use pattern in Shah Alam has changed drastically it is upmost that new bus locations need to be identified.1.3 AimThe aim of this case study is to locate the best locations for bus stops within the city of Shah Alam using Geographic Information System (GIS). Comparison of the existing and the planned bus stops will be carry out.1.4 ObjectivesTo compare the criteria of locating bus stop between the existing policy and my observation and to suggest an appropriate location to locate bus stop base on criteriaStandard spacing between bus stopDensity of population Non-Resident of UiTMs studentsNearby attractions and major people generatorsSchools / educational premisesHospitalsResidentialRecreatio nal parkShopping area1.5 LimitationsIn this thesis, software used is ArcGIS version 9.3Use the Network Analysis Extension tools optionsFocused only on the bus transportation provide by the RapidKL companyThe test network dataset is Section 7, Shah Alam road network1.6 AssumptionIn this thesis, there are several assumption made. The bus stops served in transportation industry in Malaysia are certainly not consistently located. This study assumes that bus is the major transportation system used in Shah Alam and there is facilities transportation problem in bus transportation industries at Shah Alam area especially bus stops. The bus stop locations are not systematically located.1.7 Study AreaShah Alam is the location for study area in this case study. It is because as we can see the major public transportation in Shah Alam is bus. This case study is more focus on students generators especially among UiTMs Non-resident students. From the demographic side, almost all the bus passengers are students. Most of student in UiTM Shah Alam use buses as their main transportation to go to classes. With the capacity of student, it makes the bus services route around the study area more frequently. In current situation, there are many bus stop location is inconveniently located.CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 IntroductionThis chapter discusses and review current practices of transportation in Malaysia especially in infrastructure of transportation. The discussion start with an overview of transportation in Malaysia followed by category of transportation namely private and public. This discussion is focused on the specification of location of bus stop. Final section will elaborate about the ArcGIS buffering framework, network analysis and its capability and that maybe useful in this study.2.2 Transportation in MalaysiaMalaysia is served by an excellent transport system. Once you are in the country there is always transport available to you to even remote areas. Traveling by roa d in peninsula Malaysia is popular as it has well- developed network of roads.There are various options available as to how you might wish to get to a destination.In Sabah and Sarawak, it is recommended for traveling by four-wheel drive as on unpaved roads, and many remote areas can only be reached by air or river-boats. If you want to see clearly the countryside, traveling by rail is also highly recommended.2.2.1 TransportTransport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one to another location. There are many types of modes of transport include air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and operations. (Wikipedia, 2011)Transport infrastructure consists of the fixed installations necessary for transport, and may be roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals and pipelines, and terminals such as airports, railway stations, bus stations, warehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including fueli ng docks and fuel stations), and seaports. Terminals may be used both for interchange of passengers and cargo and for maintenance.Vehicles traveling on these networks may include automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, trucks, people, helicopters and aircraft. In the transport industry, operations and ownership of infrastructure can be either public or private, depending on the country and mode.2.2.2 RoadA road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places. Roads are typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel though they need not be, and historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance. In urban areas, roads may pass through a city or village and be named as streets, serving a dual function as urban space easement and route.The most common road vehicle is the automobile which is a wheeled passenger vehicle that carries its own motor. Other users of roads include buses, trucks, motorcycl es, bicycles and pedestrians. As of 2002, there were 590 million automobiles worldwide. Buses allow for more efficient travel at the cost of reduced flexibility. (Wikipedia, 2011)2.2.3 BusesBuses are an inexpensive way to travel in Malaysia. Most, if not all buses in Kuala Lumpur (KL) are air-conditioned but there are still non-air-conditioned buses in smaller towns around the country. Buses plying routes within towns and cities typically charge fares according to the distance covered while interstate buses have fixed rates.Most of areas in Malaysia are using buses as major transportation. Especially in area with major people generator such as in residential, educational, industrial and recreational area.The public bus service in Shah Alam is efficient and covers a wide range of routes, although steps are being taken to constantly improve the services. Strategic bus stops and stations offer passengers plenty of boarding options. Buses are in good condition and fully air-conditioned. Designated bus lanes also enable smooth scheduling of bus services for passengers ease. The bus routes also link to other transportation options like the Light Rail Transit (LRT) system, train station and taxi stands (Urban Transportation Department, 2008).Rapid KL as one of the bus company in Malaysia operates 134 routes in the Klang Valley including the suburban feeder service to complement the LRT systems. It has two central workshops and 13 bus depots spread across the Klang Valley and plans to gradually introduce more 15 minutes frequency throughout its system is also one of RAPID KLs goals. Today, 15 minutes frequency is operated only at 13 routes at high-density routes (RapidKL, 2008).2.3 Transportation Facility2.3.1 Bus StopA bus stop is a designated place where buses stop for passengers to board or leave a bus. These are normally positioned on the highway and are distinct from off-highway facilities such as bus stations. The construction of bus stops tends to reflect the l evel of usage. Stops at busy locations may have shelters, seating and possibly electronic passenger information systems but there are also busy stops may use a simple pole and flag to mark the location and customary stops have no specific infrastructure being known by their description. Bus stops may be clustered together into transport hubs allowing interchange between routes from nearby stops and with other public transport modes.For operational purposes there are three main kinds of stops. First, scheduled stops, at which the bus should stop irrespective of demand. Second, request stops (or flag stop) where the vehicle will only stop on requested and hail and ride stops where a vehicle will stop anywhere along the designated section of road on request. Certain stops may be restricted to set-down only or pick-up only. Some stops may be designated as timing points and if the vehicle is ahead of schedule it will wait to ensure correct running to the timetable. In dense urban areas w here bus volumes are high, skip-stops are sometimes used to increase efficiency and reduce delays at bus stops. Fare stages may also be defined by the location of certain stops in distance or zone based fare collection systems. (Wikipedia, 2011)Bus stops are placed in one of three locations near-side (located immediately before an intersection) far-side (located immediately after an intersection) and mid-block (located between intersections). Each of these locations offers advantages to vehicle drivers and pedestrians. However, the final decision on bus stop locations dependent on ease of operation, transfer situations, space availability, and traffic volumes. Pace performs on-site evaluations of proposed bus stop to analyze operating conditions and identify appropriate bus stop locations. (Pace Development Guidelines, 1999)Near-side bus stop sign placement is generally 10 feet from the corner tangent point and 5 feet from the outer curb. However, site characteristics will ultimatel y dictate exact sign location. Where site limitations exist, the sign should be setback a minimum of 2 feet. Near-side locations offer a number of features to pedestrians and vehicle drivers. This location allows pedestrians to cross in front of the bus. This location also allows transit users to load and alight from buses close to crosswalks and intersections, thereby minimizing, walking distances to connecting transit service. Far-side bus stop locations are recommended on routes in which buses make left turns at intersections. Once a bus negotiates a left turn, a far-side stop provides a more appropriate service point. Far-side stops also are recommended in locations where dedicated right turn lanes are present. Far-side stops may facilitate easier bus re-entry into traffic due to gaps created by intersection traffic signals. Another bus stop location is the mid-block stop. A mid-block location is generally less congested than an intersection. Bus turnouts are most effectively lo cated in a mid-block bus stop zone. Mid block stops are applicable at T-intersections or locations generating a larger passenger volume. (Pace Development Guidelines, 1999)Bus stop is the first point of contact between the passenger and the bus service. The spacing, location, design, and operation of bus stops significantly influence transit system performance and customer satisfaction. (Texas Transportation Institute, 1996)Bus stops should be at safe locations, no more than 50 meters after a traffic light or road intersection. They should not be located on sloped surfaces which considered unsafe. (Higher Committee of Planning Cities 2000)Good pedestrian facilities often make the trip to stops more enjoyable, thus making it easier for people to choose both modes of transportation to go to work, shopping, or other activities. All transit facilities and the transportation routes that lead to them have needed to be safe, convenient, and accessible. If people do not feel safe or comfort able walking to stops, then they are likely to choose other modes of travel, such as a car. (A Gis Approach To Evaluate Bus Stop Accessibility, Giuseppe SALVO).Socioeconomic data is vital for determining locations for transit routes and facilities. Often, socioeconomic spatial data resides in a zonal layer that may cover a very large area. While socioeconomic data aggregated to these large zones are useful for regional analyses, they cant support a analysis of accessibility to bus stops. (A Gis Approach To Evaluate Bus Stop Accessibility, Giuseppe SALVO).Since the bus stops would have been installed before many years, the then density of the passengers and land use pattern would have undergone a drastic change and the bus stops would not commensurate with these changes. Hence there is an increasing need for the bus stops to be rationalized. (Mr. G. Saravanan Mr. S. Suresh Immanuel, 2003)2.4 GISa GIS is a system of hardware, software and procedures to facilitate the management, mani pulation, analysis, modeling, representation and display of georeferenced data to solve complex problems regarding planning and management of resources? (NCGIA, 1990).A geographic information system (GIS) is an information system that is designed to work with data referenced by spatial or geographic coordinates. In other words, a GIS is both a database system with specific capabilities for spatially reference data, as well as a set of operations for working with data. In a sense, a GIS may be thought of as a higher-order map. (Jeffrey Star and John Estes 1990)GIS integrates hardware, software, and data for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information. GIS technology allows us to view, query, and understand data in many ways. We will see the relationships, patterns, and trends in the form of GIS-based maps, reports, and charts. GIS helps us answer questions and solve problems. When viewed in the context of geography, our data is q uickly understood and easily shared. GIS technology can be integrated into any enterprise information system framework. (ESRI, 2011).In broad terms, a Geographic Information System could be defined as a set of principles and techniques employed to achieve one (or both) of the following objectives Finding suitable locations that have the relevant attributes. For example, finding a suitable location where an airport, a commercial forest or a retail outlet can be established. This is usually achieved through the use of Boolean (logical) operations. Querying the geographical attributes of a specified location. For example, examining the roads in a particular locality, to check road density or find the shortest path, and so on. This is often achieved by clicking onto the location or object of interest, and examining the contents of the database for that location or object.2.4.1 GIS in TransportationGIS has been recognized for many years now as an invaluable tool for managing, planning, e valuating, and maintaining transportation systems. As the gateway to economic development and, subsequently, a healthy economy, transportation infrastructure represents one of the largest and most critical investments made in any nation, at whatever stage of development. Similarly, for many firms in the transportation industry, profitability and a strong competitive position depend on a safe and reliable system. Roads are the main arteries of a modern societys infrastructure, contributing heavily to the distribution of goods and persons. GIS provides many helpful applications for ensuring a smooth transportation flow. Customer satisfaction, competitive position, timely response, effective deployment, and profitability are all positively affected (GISDATA Group, 2009).Being able to visualize your assets and the surrounding environment when you build, upgrade, or repair transportation infrastructure helps you prioritize your work and make the right decisions. A geographic information system (GIS) software platform will allow you to do all this and much more. With Esris GIS technology, you can build dynamic and rich mapping applications that will keep everyone from the project team and government officials to field staff and the public in the know. (ESRI, 2011).GIS contain data related to location points, lines (commonly roadway links and corridors), and polygons. Analysis tools that are part of GIS software packages can be used to relate these data. The use of GIS to manage data can simplify the analysis of transport systems and can enhance the decision-making process (Worldbank ).2.4.2 The Importance of Geospatial DataThe nature of any natural or economic activity with a spatial dimension cannot be properly understood without reference to its spatial qualities. Spatial data have two essential parts location and attributes.A GIS requires location references. Typical location references are latitude and longitude and national grid references such as the National Grid. However, other geospatial codes can also be used to identify location, such as postcodes.Attributes. Any locality would have a number of characteristics or properties associated with it. These attributes are usually kept in tables, containing such information as vegetation types, population, annual income, and so on.GIS systems store and process data in two formats, vector and raster. In the vector data model, the world is represented as a mosaic of interconnecting lines and points representing the location and boundaries of geographical entities. In vector data models, the data are represented asarcs (lines)polygons (traversed areas)points (labelled nodes)nodes (intersection points)2.4.3 Existing GIS Based SystemA Spatial LocationAllocation GIS Framework for Managing Water Sources in a Savanna Nature Reserve.(Source www.nceas.ucsb.edu)Associated with the establishment or removal of water sources in savanna ecosystems is the issue of the effects of such management actions on a nimal movement and habitat selection, longer term implications on population levels, and impacts of such change on habitat degradation and soil erosion. Extant metrics used to describe the spatial distribution of water sources on the landscape often fall short of providing source-specific information, making them hard to apply in small-scale management settings.Using the Klaserie Private Nature Reserve (KPNR) as a case study, comparison between of abuffer framework which is to describing distances to water,a nearest neighbor framework,spatial locationallocation framework (SLAF) created in a geographic information system (GIS)These three frameworks can be combined into one GIS to demonstrate site-specific information on water source distribution, in addition to system-wide descriptions. The visually accessible quality of a GIS allows qualitative input from managers and property owners to achieve quantifiable management goals. The duality of database and visual representation provides a useful tool to assess the role of individual water sources and can easily be updated to reflect changes in their distribution.In this study, seasonal effects on the water source distribution are modeled first. Then two hypothetical management scenarios are modeled based on realistic management options for this reserve. For the first management scenario we map the resulting distribution when all artificially supplemented water sources are turned on in the dry season.Fig 1 Location of KNPR (Klaserie Private Nature Reserve)Water sources in this study include seasonal pans, artificial pans and catchment dams as point sources and two major river courses, the Klaserie and the Olifants, which have perennial segments in KPNR.Buffer frameworkFor the buffer framework, the locations of all the water sources tabulated during the wet season were buffered in concentric 1 km rings and clipped to the reserve boundary to assess the area of the reserve at different distances to water (Fig. 2a) thi s process was repeated for the dry season water sources (Fig. 2b) and then for the two hypothetical management scenarios and the results tabulated for comparison.Fig 2(a) Buffer model showing distribution of distance to water classes during the KPNR wet seasonFig. 2(b) Buffer model showing distribution of distance to water classes during the KPNR dry season.Nearest neighbour frameworkThe locations of the wet and dry season water points were used to calculate the nearest distance to river sections and then to nearest water source. The nearest neighbour distance between two point water sources was calculated as a vector, by minimizing the results of a triangular matrix calculator for Euclidian distance in Microsoft Excel. The lesser of the distance to nearest river or nearest neighbour was taken as the nearest neighbour distance to water.Spatial locationallocation framework (SLAF)The simplest spatial representation of an unconstrained locationallocation model of supply points to deman d regions uses the Dirichlet tessellation to generate Voronoi or Thiessen polygons (Okabe et al. 1992). A tessellation is essentially a mosaic, a tiling created in a geometric plane. This tessellation is created by the intersections of perpendicular bisectors between each point in a set.The three frameworks used to assess the change in distribution of water points in the reserve yielded generalizations, which are useful as descriptors of system change, but can be hard to translate directly into management action on specific water sources. The advantage of the SLAF over the two other frameworks is that the area of the polygon associated with each water source is visuallyOptimization of Bus stop locations using GIS as a tool for Chennai city- Acase study, R.Sankar, 2003In a developing country like India every advancement depends upon the funds available. This influencing factor is considered as there is huge need of finance for the development of infrastructure such as laying of good, strong roads. The road grade is essential for having bus routes in a particular area. It is not possible to have bus stops in the interior where the grade is poorer. The density of population and the infrastructure go hand in hand, this is the reason for having many bus stops in close proximity in the main roads. While considering the financial status of the government it is also necessary to consider the status of the public. In a higher middle income, higher income groups the dependency on the public transit system is less making it less imperative to have more bus stops. Conversely the lower income group and the economically weaker section entirely depend upon the corporation buses for their transit. Finally the locations are graded based on the risk factors. The sites selected should not be near the junctions. Dangerous turnings are avoided.MethodologyData collection is taking on the ground using GPS and the map of road network which include the position of each bus stop in ter m of coordinates. There are about 41 bus stops between Vadapalani and Besent nagar, which is the study area. There are about 21 roads in the selected route. The network map is digitized. Digitization is done manually using On-screen method. The errors in the original maps will be transferred and they are likely magnified when digitized using GIS. Here arcs and nodes are defined by the user. The projection used here is polyconic which is considered the best suited for India. Arc View and Arc Info are the softwares used for digitization, transformation/projection and analysis.AnalysisBuffer analysis is made to determine the effected area. The minimum and maximum distances are given. Selected route in the network map which are given as buffer distances. If there is overlap in the buffers then a common point can be considered for the location of the stop such that there is no overlap. This point is selected considering other criteria also. Confluence of all parameters is essential befo re arriving into any decision. The similar way if the distance between two buffers are more this indicate that the area in the in between region is not properly served by any of the bus stops. In this case new bus stops can be created. Thus it is necessary to calculate based on all the parameters that none of the areas are under served or over served.The route analysis was made the impedance value and the speed is given based on the vehicular volume on each road. The bus stops can be minimized in roads where there the existing traffic is high, additional positioning of these stops would add up to the traffic congestion. The locations of important centers such as hospitals, schools etc are also estimated for their proximity to the stops using the route analysis module. The time gained due to the reduction of the stops vice versa is also projected by having each location as a node and by giving a positive or negative value for the calculation of impedance. The demographic characterist ics are also computed.CHAPTER 3METHODOLOGY3.1 IntroductionThis chapter will explain the methodology adopted in this study. The explanation starts with the introduction of adopted method for literature review, the method for data acquisition and the type of data acquired, data preparation and processing and followed by performing data analysis and results documentation and recording methods.Project PlanningData Preparation and ProcessingData Acquisition and type ofData acquiredAnalysis and ResultsFig. 3.1 Methodology Flow Sequence3.2 Research MethodologyProject PlanningSelection of hardware and software (ArcGIS)Selection of study area (Shah Alam)Selection of dataData Acquisition and Type of Data AcquiredSpatial data1) Land use map2) Route map3) Layer Trace existing bus stop location using handheld GPS (X,Y).Attribute name1) Road name2) Building3) Population UiTMs NR student source from HEP UiTM. (X,Y)Data Preparation and ProcessingCreating different ThemesDigitizingScanningDigitizing Creating Attribute TablesAnalysis and Result--Compare existing bus stop location with the recommendation as requested safety reasons.Proposed new bus stops based on the location of resident for Non-Resident students.Compare the distance between two consecutive bus stops with the standard distance of travel by man by walk which is 400m. (source from MBSA)Fig 3.2 Flow Chart of MethodologyPhase 1 Preliminary StudyProject Planning1. Selection of Study AreaThe city of Shah Alam has to be selected as study case area which covers section 2 until section 24. This study emphasized in the area with educational institutions especially UiTM since this study is focused on non-residents students.2. Selection of Hardware and SoftwareHardware for scanning, digitizing, and processing has been determined. Software that will be used is ArcMap. This software helps in digitizing also analysis.3. Selection of DataTo select data, it needs to relate with problem statement. Data has been gathered from many of sources that will be explain in Data Collection.Phase 2 Data Acquisition and Type of Data Acquired1. Spatial DataSpatial data is data pertaining to the location and spatial dimensions of geographical entities